In as far as religion is an important component of ideology, this suggestion is plausible. Most historians agree that the mutapa state was an offshoot of the great zimbabwe state. Apr 06, 2018 the founder of the mutapa state was nyatsimba mutota who left great zimbabwe in search of salt or after succession disputes according to oral history. A political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20. The rulers in mutapa would also tax people and then forced the people who they conquered in citystates to mine gold for them. The historical data are, however, silent on the processes, technical or otherwise, associated with craft production in the mutapa state. Indeed for the mutapa state, the portuguese refer to their importance in this regard.
Mutapa is established mutapa is established by mutota. Mar 16, 2018 in this video manners msongelwa explains the external factors which led to the decline of the rozvi state. Their domain was often called the empire of the mwene matapa, or simply matapa or mutapa, and is associated with the. The mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. This work covers the history of zimbabwe from the advent of british settlers in 1890 to 2000. The first mwene was a warrior prince named nyatsimba mutota who discovered what was soon to be mutapa when he was looking for a new source of salt. The mwene bantu term for lord, specifically a conquering king was the title giving rise to the state being referred to as mwene mutapa. The founder and first mutapa king was nyatsimba mutota. War started to expel the portuguese a new monomotapa kapararidze, head of the mutapa state in the middle zambezi valley tried to reunite the shona people by starting a war to expel the portuguese. Feb, 2016 global black history presents the mutapa state. Beach 1990 a history of uteve under the mwene mutapa rulers 14801834. The decline of great zimbabwe led to the rise of the mutapa state. Finally, in 1962 the systematic publication of portuguese documents was t. The demise of great zimbabwe left the mutapa state dominant in northern zimbabwe.
Mutapa empire 1430 to 1760 was an empire, in present day zimbabwe, extending to the mozambique coast. King chibatamatosi, mutotas father ordered mutota to find salt before the succession disputes. Politically changamire dombo managed to defeat the portuguese in 1684 and 1695 near butwa. Mutapa may also stem from the word mutape, meaning mud, a common praise title used by the korekore people in the dande area where the. Monomotapa kingdom existed between 14501629, it succeeded the great zimbabwe. The kingdom of mutapa sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire, mwenemutapa was a. Around 1430, a prince from zimbabwe traveled north in search of salt among the shonatavara. Pdf o level study guide for zimbabwean history upto 1897.
Rozvi state pdf the history of the rozvi has been for a long time shrouded by myth. For some historians in africa, history is essentially about race or ethnicity. This kingdom was founded by a royal member from its successor. The prince was nyatsimba mutota, and the land he conquered would become the kingdom of mutapa.
Spoken tradition explains that the origins of the mutapa empire had officially developed in the beginning of the 15th century, when warrior prince, nyatsimba mutota sent to find new sources of salt in the north. The changamire appear to have disappeared for almost 150 eld and the appeared in the 1680s below changamire dombo who was a chieftain under mutapa makombwe it is believed that the rozvi severalise originated as changamire chiefdom within the mutapa state. A new monomotapa kapararidze, head of the mutapa state in the middle zambezi valley tried to reunite the shona people by starting a war to expel the portuguese. From mutapa to rhodes by aeneas chigwedere 1980 the changing history of the mutapa dynasty by d.
The mutapa state ends around 1695 with the rise of the rise to power of the rozvi state. Pdf on jan 1, 1993, innocent pikirayi and others published the archaeological identity of the mutapa state. The torwa area was largely beyond the firsthand knowledge of the portuguese, but the history of the mutapa state is illuminated from numerous accounts of. The changamire was one of the most powerful rulers in 18thcentury southcentral africa. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was a herdsmen in the mutapa state and managed to drive away the portuguese earning himself support and followers thereby breaking away from the legendary mutapa empire. By the 1590s, mutapa had been through many civil wars, leaving the government fragile and weak. The mutapas control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and portuguese continue. Economic activities of the mutapa state pdf pdf online. It combines in one volume the period from 1890 to 2000 including womens rights and human rights. It is believed that the later had migrated with a large military force from great zimbabwe in. The mutapa state is of especial interest because it is the only one of four known major shona stateszimbabwe, torwa, mutapa, and changamireto escape being uprooted entirely by new settlements of people, and the only one that was close to portuguese centers in.
The kingdom of monomotapa mutapa empire wilsondiop institute. Mwene matapa historical dynastic title, southern africa. The portuguese were now in control of the trade and the trade routes. The mutapa state is in spite of civil wars and succession rivalries it continued to exist into the 19th century and remained independent of the portuguese. In fact politics was behind the rise of the mutapa state. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was originally a herdsmen in the mutapa state, yet managed to drive away the portuguese, earning himself support and followers, thereby enabling him to break away from the legendary mutapa empire. This book is written with the prime objective to enable o level learners to have a stomach of history.
Apr 24, 20 the kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. The second section consists of a narrative history of the mutapa state, century by century, from i500 to i890. If you like to read economic activities of the mutapa state pdf pdf online good, means the same to me. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state. The use of cattle as a source of social or political power among the shona in zimbabwe in the distant and recent past is well documented mudenge, 1974, 1988 and also recounted in shona oral traditions. Contentssocial of mutapa stateeconomic activities of the mutapa stateaims of the portuguese in the mutapa statethe rise of mutapa state afternoon once again some more on zimbabwe. The empire was comprised of a karanga majority speaking population. The account of the sixteenth century, centred mainly on the conditions of trade in the region and on the portuguese expansion, gives a fair outline, and shows how the mutapa state remained intact to the end of the i590s. Mutotas successor, mwenemutapa matope, extended this new kingdom into an empire which. However, mutapa faced rebellion, a development that gave skip to the rozvi state. The mutapa state was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms.
The mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. Mwene mutapa state monomotapa, munhumutapa, mutapa for short. Its influence extended over much of presentday zimbabwe, westward into botswana, and southward into northeastern south africa. He was the overall ruler of the state and all subjects were loyal to him. According to oral tradition chibatamatosi nyatsimba mutotas father sent nyakatondo the messenger to the area north of great zimbabwe to look for salt deposits. The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19 th century. An investigation on the origins of the mutapa empire according to mukanya the portuguese arrived on the scene confused the history of the mutapa empire.
Sep 22, 2018 monomotapa high civilization the kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. May 04, 2012 the mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. At the same time as this uurge of activity began to be felt, african history began to be seen as. The political organisation of the mutapa state the king he was the overall ruler of the state and all subjects were loyal to him. Kingdom of mutapa great discoveries in archaeology. Pdf o level study guide for zimbabwean history upto 1897 trust. The ruling class of the mutapa people had similar culture and customs as those of the great zimbabwe. Mutapa meaning and origin of the name mutapa nameaning. It has been suggested by some including the archaeologist peter garlake that religion was also significant to the rise and expansion of the mutapa state. The origin and rise of the mutapa state free zimsec. Instead we learn about the civil war, and french revolution numerous times over the length of our schooling. The kingdom of monomotapa mutapa empire wilsondiop.
Rozwi, also spelled rozvi, former karanga empire in southern africa. The kingdom of mutapa is said to have stretched between the zambezi and limpopo rivers. Monomotapa kingdom existed between 14501629, it succeeded the great zimbabwe kingdom. The founder of the mutapa state was nyatsimba mutota who left great zimbabwe in search of salt or after succession disputes according to oral history. Jun 30, 20 the mutapas control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. This kingdom was founded in 1425, succeeding the kingdom of the great zimbabwe. Ravager of the landsalso spelled mwene mutapa or monomotapa, title borne by a line of kings ruling a southeast african territory between the zambezi and limpopo rivers, in what is now zimbabwe and mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. The mutapa state was located on the northern part of modern day zimbabwe. The empire had another indirect side effect on the history of southern africa. Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southeast.
According to shona oral tradition, mutota had been sent to. He was seen as divine or heavenly and accorded such status in order to make his subjects fear him as they were awed. The rozvi state grew due to sound economic, social and political polices. Jan 04, 2016 the mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. Monomotapa high civilization the kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. Alpers the kingdom of the mwene mutapa is one of the most famous states of precolonial africa, yet there is still considerable uncertainty as to the. Changamire dombo, according to oral tradition, is believed to have possessed supernatural powers. The book is a quick study instrument and is suitable to be used by learners who are about to write their final exams. For hardline marxists, history is a process defined by the founder in the last century, and some of these have been heard to state that economic and social history is the only real history. A history of zimbabwe, 18902000 and postscript, zimbabwe.
The separation of church and state aaron henson ps55 272015 throughout history, this topic has generated much of controversy. According to oral tradition the first mwene was a warrior prince nyatsimbamutota from great zimbabwe who was sent to find new sources of salt in the north. Portuguese document dating from the early 16th century also seem to show that the mutapa state already existed before the great zimbabwe collapsed thus mutapa empire was an offshoot of the. Jan 01, 2014 the changamire appear to have disappeared for almost 150 eld and the appeared in the 1680s below changamire dombo who was a chieftain under mutapa makombwe it is believed that the rozvi severalise originated as changamire chiefdom within the mutapa state. The extant literature on the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial history of zimbabwe is enormous. Their domain was often called the empire of the mwene matapa, or simply. The empire was probably established by changamire dombo i 168495, who conquered some of the most fertile and mineralrich areas and drove the portuguese from their marketplaces in the zambezi river valley in the 1690s. There were rulers or kings that assumed various priestly titles, like the temporal titles that their offices command. Mar 16, 2011 a political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20.
Ancient history is full of examples of the state or governing authorities interfering with religion. The king was known as mwenemutapa which translates to the owner of the conquered lands or munhumutapa which translates to he who conquered. Beach, an outline of shona history forthcoming, chap. However, the mutapas were not wholly ejected from zimbabwe highlands. The prince was nyatsimba mutota, and the land he conquered would become the. It is derived from a combination of two words mwene meaning owner or lord, and mutapa meaning land. The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and.
Nov 2008 the rise and ultimate expansion of the mutapa state owed in part to the decline of great zimbabwe. Political organisation of the mutapa state free zimsec. In this video manners msongelwa explains the external factors which led to the decline of the rozvi state. A political history of munhumutapa, c14001902, 1988, 420. The archaeological identity of the mutapa state towards an historical archaeology of northern zimbabwe, innocent pikirayi, 1993, archaeological surveying, 200 pages. Mutapa is thought to be established around 1430, and was eventually taken over by the portuguese in 1760.
All the while, portugal increased control over much of southeast africa with the beginnings of a colonial system. Scramble for africa as well as the wars of resistance in. Blacksmithing, pottery, weaving and basketry were other important economic values to mutapa. The kingdom of mutapa is one that is not often heard of. The mutapa state occupied a triangle of land between the zambezi river in the north, the. Mutapa empire a state founded in the 15th century by a man named mutota and that extended throughout all of presentday zimbabwe except the eastern part, brought with it new customs that sometimes conflicted with those of native hindus. According to oral traditions, nyatsimba mutota migrated from. Zimbabwean history is covered in two books from a socialist perspective. Written in accessible language, book 1 describes precolonial african history, enlivened by many.
Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the title held by the dynasty of kings who ruled the territory, which was between the zambezi and limpopo rivers. The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age. Origins of the mutapa empire essay 853 words antiessays. Pdf the archaeological identity of the mutapa state.